Monday, December 30, 2019

Pestel Analysis China Essay example - 812 Words

PESTEL -Political Recently China has made extraordinary efforts in modernizing legal and economical system aimed to stabilize the growth of the country; however China remains a strictly controlled country, where civil liberties, such as freedom of communication, religion practice and demonstration are severely limited. Major internal problems in China include growing corruption, increasing rural poverty and environmental degradation. China enjoys a strong relationship with the US and other western countries and is likely to increase its influence in the region due to its expanding economy. China has difficult relations with a number of neighbouring countries, such as Japan, Vietnam, North Korea and Tibet; in particular the†¦show more content†¦48% of the population in the target age group are female and although the gender equality has been in the past years a priority for the Chinese government, women still experience a significant status and income disparity. In average women with a university degree can earn as little as 75% of the salary of males with equivalent skills. Finally it should be noted that in China title and status are very important, as well as punctuality both professionally and socially. -Technological China has developed a number of industrial centres where transport, telecommunications and energy infrastructures are widely available. China has also demonstrated a widespread adoption of new technologies, for example mobile phone subscriptions has sharply increased to 461 million, compared to the 368 million land lines (CIA world factbook, 2008, [9]). The number of internet users has also peaked in 2007 to 162 million thanks to a comprehensive broadband network infrastructure based on submarine trunks, fibre-optic cables and satellite links, making China the third largest internet community after the European Union with 247 million and the US with 208 million. Although comparable in terms of population, China has got almost 3 times more internet users than India (60m). -Environmental The environmental policy is becoming one of the most critical issues for theShow MoreRelatedPestel Analysis on China1481 Words   |  6 Pagesfactor: If Nike wants to open international market such as China, the company would get disadvantages because every country will protect and priority for its domestic products. So, the company must find out exactly these requirements that the country require in Nike to overcome these barriers. International trade regulations The trade regulations in China are formulated in accordance with the Foreign Trade Law of the Peoples Republic of China in order to maintain foreign trade order and fair competitionRead MorePestel Analysis China1301 Words   |  6 Pagesstate. The people’s republic of China is a single party state governed by the communist party of China. President : Hu Jintao Prime Minister: Wen Jiabau Independence: 1, October 1949 ( People’s republic of China) Constitutional system China or People Republic of China adopts socialist system or communism in their political system in their decision-making process in governing the country. The country’s sole political party in power is known as communist party of China. The government have the soleRead MorePestel Analysis - Banking in China1112 Words   |  5 PagesUsing PESTEL analysis to understand the macro-environment that impacts the Banking Industry in China. Political Factors †¢ China has a socialist political system †¢ China has entered into the WTO and as part of the commitment to open up the banking industry, has issued the Rules for Implementing the Regulations Governing Foreign Financial Institutions in the People’s Republic of China , which allows Foreign financial institutions to provide foreign currency services to Chinese enterprisesRead MoreBusiness Environment of China France Hongkong Essay653 Words   |  3 Pagescurrent markets in China, Hong Kong, and France P.3-5 1.2.1 Executive Summary P.3 1.2.2 Fashion industry life cycle and the current position of the three countries P.4 1.3 SWOT and TOW S Analysis for Koyo Jeans in the three countries analysed P.5 Part 2 Drivers to Internationalisation 2.1 Motivation for Koyo Jeans entering emerging Markets P.6 2.2 Environmental Analysis in Brazil and India P.6 2.2.1 Findings on comparison between Brazil and India (PESTEL 5Forces) PRead MorePestel / Pestle Analysis Of Amazon971 Words   |  4 PagesAn Organization I am familiar with I want to speak about its Pest analysis is Amazon. Amazon.com Inc. successfully shelters the issues shown in the PESTEL/PESTLE examination of its e-commerce business and remote or macro-environment. The PESTEL/PESTLE Analysis model is a tool for classifying the external factors that shape the conditions of a company’s remote or macro-environment. In the case of Amazon, the circumstances of the online retail market are measured. As the largest firm in the marketRead MoreThe General Macro Environment And Industry Attractiveness1101 Words   |  5 PagesAn external analysis looks at the general macro environment and industry attractiveness. A PESTEL analysis will be used to look at the macro environment and Porter’s Five Forces framework will follow to provide a clearer picture of industry attractiveness. PESTEL Kohl’s needs to consider political factors affecting the retail market, which usually pertain to governmental policy. The following represent current political external factors that are present in the macro retail environment in whichRead MoreSwot And Analytical Tools : Business Analysis Tools1040 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Æ' INTERGRATED AND ANALYTICAL TOOLS Business analysis tools are different techniques investors use to assess a company’s operations. In most cases, the purpose of the analysis is to determine how effective or efficient a company is in the overall market locally, nationally and globally. A scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of this strategic planning process. A few different tools are commonly used such as SWOT, PESTEL, Comparative and Porter’s Five Forces. Each oneRead MoreThe Impact Of Globalization On The Auto Parts Industry1194 Words   |  5 Pageshas become one of the fastest growing industries which plays a major role in the development of the domestic manufacture as well as the GDP Growth. PESTEL: To evaluate all the internal and external factors that directly or indirectly impact the Auto parts industry, the PESTEL model has been used as the analysis for this major industry. PESTEL stands for the five most important forces that comprehensively analyse and monitor the manufacturing: Political forces, Economical forces, Socio-culturalRead MoreSwot Analysis : Apple As A Company And Their Products1085 Words   |  5 PagesPESTEL Analysis consist of political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal factors that make up an organization and for this paper we will analysis Apple as a company and their products. Apple is among the fastest growing company that has made itself a recognizable consumer name for electronics and gadgets. Investors have always looked forward for investing in Apple due to its strong revenue and high return on investment. Started operating as a traditional computer company, itRead MoreHow Mergers And Acquisition Affect Financial P erformance1170 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent data btw acquiring firms and target firms to analysis their company value changes before after in disclosure date. Company choiceï ¼Å¡ Cisco system Inc, Lenovo Group Ltd, Microsoft Corporation Objectives The report will focus on analysis what kind of impact will affect companies’ financial performance and its value through companies’ mergers and acquisition in technology industry. This article will use a variety of ways for detailed analysis of how Mergers and acquisition affect financial performance

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Constantine and Christianity Essay - 2155 Words

What was the impact that Constantine had on Christianity after he conquered the Roman Empire? As a stone penetrating a tide of water, Constantine penetrated through pagan worship as he brought Christianity to the forefront after the great battle in the Roman Empire. It changed the way Romans worshiped and impacted their society as a whole. Christianity was brought to the fore front greatly due to the support of Constantine. With his help Romans had changed their Pagan views to Christian views while impacting society, education, and influence on the Roman Empire. Christianity before Constantine Christianity during the early century was very difficult for many Christians. As many Christians were persecuted for not worshipping pagan gods.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœChristians to the lions’ as Trajan would say, an emperor in the early centuries Christianity to them have alienated the favour of their gods which has and would continue to cause disasters in the Roman Empire. The misfortune of Christians did not stop during this period, but it did come to a composed halt as Galerius, gave Christians the right to worship in some sense. Christianity during the early stages was clearly a course of persecution and forced pagan accusations. Constantine dramatically changed the recourse of religions with the battle of Milvian Bridge as Christianity became the predominant religion of the Roman Empire. The battle of Milvian Bridge lead by Constantine in 312 (Allan, 45), gave Christians a surge of hope and faith as Constantine would claim king of the Roman Empire. After s uch a great battle, Christianity would be put into question how it was impacted through living and socio-economic standards. Christianity and its Influences The new faith that brought a message and established the resurrection of Jesus Christ was the faith that Constantine adopted as a child from his mother. Christianity during Constantine’s reign established much dominance over other religions and was the main reason for influence of the Christian. Christianity in the Roman world had many perils from gladiatorial battles, to forms of charity which affected the Roman world for good (McGiffert, 34). Charity became withShow MoreRelatedConstantine And Christianity Essay1784 Words   |  8 PagesGaius Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus, or Constantine, is commonly referred to as the fist Christian emperor of the Roman Empire and as the defender of Christianity. Such grand titles are not necessarily due for the reasons that people commonly think of them today. The first clear instance where Christianity is seen in Constantines life is during his campaign against Maxentius. In the spring of 311, when Constantine was marching to Rome to battle against Maxentius, he saw a vision in theRead MoreConstantine And Christianity Of The Roman Empire1350 Words   |  6 PagesConstantine and Christianity in the Roman Empire Religion has always been an important force in the lives of common people. In the early centuries, Christianity was developing with a great influence to affect the Roman world. Constantine came to power in the Western provinces of the Roman Empire as an advocate of religious toleration. Constantine’s advocacy for religious toleration alongside his conversion marked a turning point of the Roman world and drove the spread Christianity. With Diocletian’sRead MoreConstantine and His Effect on Christianity1518 Words   |  7 PagesConstantine and his effect on Christianity When we look back at Christianity over the years, there are several people who are remembered for their impact on the religion. The first most important figure was Jesus Christ. However, if we travel forward a bit, into the 4th Century we come across Constantine. Historians agree that Constantine served as an important component in the spread of Christianity. Although he spread the religion in a massive way, others wonder if his methods were more harmfulRead MoreConstantine: Gods Gift to Christianity1168 Words   |  5 Pagesextremists in India or in places like China and North Korea. Yet Christianity thrives as the world’s largest religion. Persecution of Christians was especially brutal and widespread during the fourth century in the Roman Empire. Christians were tortured until they denied Christ or killed if they refused, their possessions, houses and buildings were confiscated and they were forced to observe pagan sacrificial traditions. Constantine the Great’s ri se to power brought about tremendous change in RomanRead MoreConstantine And Empress Helen Their Impact On Christianity1479 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: Constantine and Empress Helena: Their Impact on Christianity -Who was Constantine?: Constantine was believed to be born on February 22, either in 272 or 273 AD. The exact date and year is not definite. He was the son of Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius Herculius Augustus (mainly known as Constantius Chlorus) and Flavia Iulia Helena Augusta (mainly known as Saint Helena). His father was an officer of the army, and his mother was an inn keeper’s daughter. His father later divorced his motherRead MoreConstantine the Ruler of the Roman Empire1626 Words   |  7 Pages Constantine the ruler of the Roman Empire had been surrounded by many controversies during his reign (Cameron, 14). He was the son of a great warrior and he defeated Manutius a great ruler at Milia Bridge. He had gained much respect and admiration among the Romans as a fair ruler. He emerged as a ruler who supported Christianity and then became popular as a Christian ruler himself. His reign and victory over the Roman Empire is a significant event in the history of Christian religion. With theRead MoreThe Religious Conversions of King Clovis I and Emperor Constantine I738 Words   |  3 Pagessuch as the conversion of Constantine I, nor as ground-breaking as that of Clovis I. Constantine I was born in the year 280. During his reign as emperor of the Roman Empire, the state was falling apart. 1 He was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. He called the Council of Nicea in 325 to resolve conflicts arising between the Arian Christians and the Athansian Christians. 2 Th is resulted in the canonization of Athansian Christianity, to which Constantine I converted his empire. 3ClovisRead MoreThe Conversion Of Roman Emperor1720 Words   |  7 Pages11/7/2014 Research Paper The conversion of Roman Emperor, Constantine, marked the start of a reform that would change Rome forever. A once pagan society, Rome was one of the last to grasp the Christianity concept. The start of â€Å"Christianizing† Rome began with two of Jesus’ disciples, Peter and James, as well as the apostle Paul in the Roman province of Antioch during the first century (New Women of Color Study Bible 1742). From this, Christianity spread all over the province, by the time it got to RomeRead MoreConstantine : A Influential Leader1295 Words   |  6 PagesConstantine was a very influential leader throughout his life. He was able to accomplish many things, everything from making a major world religion possible, to running a successful empire. It all started when he was born in around 280 CE in Naissus, Moesia, to father Flavius Valerius and mother Helena. His father became Roman emperor in around 305 CE. He was elected to the position of emperor by Maximalla, who was the empe ror of Western Rome at the time. While his father was alive, Constantine wasRead MoreConstantine the Great1359 Words   |  6 PagesConstantine the Great Constantine the Great, first Christian Emperor, originator of Constantinople, creator of the Byzantine Empire, military conqueror, and honored saint, has been labeled by many the most instrumental emperor of the Roman Empire. Constantine played a crucial role in the development of Europe during the Middle Ages, and founded Christianity as the formal religion of the Roman Empire. His dynamic yet effective predominance laid the infrastructure of European development. From

Saturday, December 14, 2019

The Importance of Education Free Essays

The importance of education has become apparent to many families across the globe. Entering a University has become progressively easier over the past decades. Even though the entrances have become easier, it doesn’t mean that actually graduating college is any easier. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Education is the essential part of every minor’s life, if they aren’t subject to a good education or they are but they fail to take advantage, they will most likely end up on the â€Å"losing end† of the race to make money once they graduate from either college or high school. As a whole, getting into a college and graduating provides the student with a â€Å"fast pass† in life. For example, if someone were to drop out of high school, they would most likely never get the spot that requires a college degree because they have to know what they are doing in order to actually complete the job. The college graduate on the other hand, could easily take the position of any person that has not completed college or especially high school. But thanks to the opportunity provided to the children in the United States, they have a chance at getting into college as long as they don’t have bad grades or are students who often misbehave and acquire a large array of referrals. Children that do not behave and/or have bad grades have a much lower chance of actually getting into college, let alone actually graduating from it. Education is most likely the most important aspect of a child’s life, whether they know it or not. An education not only provides students with the tools they need to survive a normal day in the life of a normal working adult, but it provides them with the knowledge to solve problems some have never seen and/or heard of. Even one of our founding fathers clearly understood the importance of an education. George Washington knew that an education was important, especially to a democracy because they need people to understand the issues, discuss them, and be able to solve them. Without an educated population, there could easily be criminals who could oversee the non-educated and use their knowledge to loop around laws and commit crimes easily considered some of the worst by today’s standards. Due to this, it is clear that an education isn’t only important to the individual and their lifetime income, but it is also very important to major departments of society and law. As a whole, Education gives us knowledge of the world around us. It develops in us a perspective of looking at life as well as helping us build opinions and POV’s in our lives. Education helps us develop a world that could function and what is right and what is wrong. Considering the fact that in today’s society everything is about business, the students who have studied the most and have the most desirable degrees become necessities to the companies recruiting them. No matter how important it may seem to someone, it is most likely the most important aspect of their life. How to cite The Importance of Education, Papers The Importance of Education Free Essays Probably no single movement so greatly affected colonial America as the Protestant Reformation. Most of the Europeans who came to America were Protestants, but there were many denominations. Lutherans from Germany and Scandinavia settled in the middle colonies along with Puritans and Presbyterians. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Reformation was centered upon efforts to capture the minds of men, therefore great emphasis was placed on the written word. Obviously schools were needed to promote the growth of each denomination. Luther†s doctrines made it necessary for boys and girls to learn to read the Scriptures. While the schools that the colonists established in the 17th century in the New England, southern and middle colonies differed from one another, each reflected a concept of schooling that had been left behind in Europe. Most poor children learned through apprenticeship and had no formal schooling at all. Those who did go to elementary school were taught reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion. Learning consisted of memorizing, which was stimulated by whipping. The first â€Å"basic textbook†, the New England Primer, was America†s own contribution to education(Pulliam, Van Patten 86). Used from 1609 until the beginning of the 19th century, its purpose was to teach both religion and reading. The child learning the letter a, for example, also learned that â€Å"In Adam†s fall, We sinned all. † As in Europe, then, schools in the colonies were strongly influenced by religion. This was particularly true of schools in the New England area, which had been settled by Puritans and other English religious dissenters. The school in colonial New England was not a pleasant place either, physically or psychologically. Great emphasis was placed on the shortness of life and the torments of hell. Like the Protestants of the Reformation, who established vernacular elementary schools in Germany in the 16th century, the Puritans sought to make education universal. They took the first steps toward government-supported universal education in the colonies. In 1647, Puritan Massachusetts passed a law requiring that every child be taught to read. [It being the chief object of that old deluder, Satan, to keep men from the knowledge of the scriptures,†¦ it is therefore ordered, that every township†¦ fter the Lord hath increased them to the number of fifty householders,†¦ shall†¦ appoint one within their town to teach all children as shall resort him to read and write. It is further ordered, that where any town shall increase to the number of one hundred families†¦ they shall set up a grammar school, the master thereof being able to instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for the university. Old Deluder Satan Act. -Massachusetts Laws of 1647(Pulliam, Van Patten 51)] Puritan or not, virtually all of the of the colonial schools had a clear-cut moral purposes. Skills and knowledge were considered important to the degree that they served religious ends and â€Å"trained† the mind(Gutmann 180). Early schools supplied the students with moral lessons, not just reading, writing and arithmetic. Obviously, the founders saw it necessary to apply these techniques, feeling that in was necessary that the students learn these particular values. As the spirit of science, commercialism, secularism, and individualism quickened in the Western world, education in the colonies was called upon to satisfy the practical needs of seamen, merchants, artisans, and frontiersmen. The effect of these new developments on the curriculum in American schools was more immediate and widespread than its effect in European schools. Practical content was soon in competition with religious concerns. Vocational education was more significant in the Middle colonies than elsewhere in colonial America. The academy that Benjamin Franklin helped found in 1751 was the first of a growing number of secondary schools that sprang up in competition with the Latin schools. Franklin†s academy continued to offer the humanist-religious curriculum, but it also brought education closer to the needs of everyday life. Teaching such courses as history, geography, merchant accounts, geometry, algebra. These subjects were more practical, seeing as how industry and business were driving forces in the creation of the United States, while religious classes could not support a family or pay the debts. By the 1880s the United States was absorbing several million immigrants a year, a human flood that created new problems for the common school. The question confronting educators was what to teach to educate and prepare them for the work force. Religion was still an important part of their lives but with so varied a population it was impossible to teach any one and families kept their members involved in the church and children learned about religion through Sunday school and by being active in church social gatherings. By the mid-19th century the diversification in the curriculum characterized virtually all American secondary education. America came into its own, educationally, with the movement toward state-supported, secular free schools for all children, which began with the common (elementary) school. Religious denominational or parochial schools remained common in the middle colonies until the country became independent, but such sectarian schools were weakened by the withdrawal of English financial support and by the separation of church and state. The revolutionary period saw academies, with their emphasis on practical subjects such as bookkeeping, navigation, and surveying, increase in popularity. After the common school had been accepted, people began to urge that higher education, too be tax supported(Gutmann 201). By the end of the century, such secondary schools had begun to outnumber the private academies. The original purpose of the American high school was to allow children to extend and enrich their common school education (Diane 56). Schools now needed to ready the students for college-an even higher form of education instead of preparing them to immediately enter the work force. America†s educational ladder was unique. Where public school systems existed in European countries such as France and Germany, they were dual systems. When a child of the lower and middle class finished his elementary schooling, he could go on to a vocational school. The upper-class child did not attend the elementary school and was instead tutored until the age of nine and could enter a secondary Latin school. The purpose of the Latin school was to prepare him for the university, from which he might well emerge as a potential leader of his country. With the independence of America came freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. Freedom of Religion was included in the first amendment which prevented Congress from making any law respecting the establishment of religion or prohibiting religious practice. Some states had provisions for tax-supported religion, but were abolished by 1833. Although the long range effects of disestablishment and religious freedom were beneficial to public schools, the immediate result was to take away public funds that had been used to support church-related schools. Separation of church and state also contributed to the educational problems of today, such as the issue over prayer and bible readings in public schools. Nevertheless, sectarian control over public education was broken by the provision for religious freedom. The Industrial Revolution began in Europe and spread to America a few decades later. One effect of the change from an agricultural to an industrial economy was the demand for schools to train students for the workforce. Vocational and industrial education better supplied students with the knowledge to enter a career rather than religious studies. The vocational value of shop work was considered part of general education. The need for skilled workers and the desire for high school education for those not college bound caused the manual training to gain speed. Religion was the major subject in colonial schools, but with the separation of church and state, public schools could only teach non-sectarian religious principals. Still, the curriculum remained heavily influenced by religious writings, prayer, and Christian morality. Bible reading was considered nonsectarian in most communities. The fact that a Protestant bible was not acceptable to Catholics carried little weight, and Jews were also discriminated against in school prayers. Before the twentieth century, minority groups often chose not to make an issue of religion in the public schools. If Catholic, Jewish, or other minority religious groups were unable to support their own schools, they normally accepted the rules of the public schools even when the requirements contradicted their own beliefs. In recent times however, there have been a great number of court cases over the religious requirements or practices in public schools. Although a majority of the cases have decided against the inclusion of religious practices, a large number of Americans are of the opinion that schools are responsible for moral training of America†s youth. The questions arise over and over whether this is a valid requirement or responsibility of the educational system. How does one teach moral values and respect for teachers, students and the community without including the basic philosophy of religion and the worth of prayer. Religious liberals and non-believers have attacked beginning the school day with prayer. With the removal of the Pledge of Allegiance from the daily rite of school curriculum America had made a drastic statement to element any reference to any God, any religion and this sent a message to every household in America that receiving an education would not include any word or association with any God. However, our society will always have a multitude of beliefs and opinions on whether or not it is a responsibility of the educational system to teach respect, honor and morale standards to our children. What responsibilities do parents have to teach religion to their offspring? Do children need to know the beliefs of more than one religion, do children have a right to practice religion in school? A hundred questions could be asked regarding this subject and because we are such a diverse society I do not believe it would be possible to teach religion in school. Which is why I think it is better to live religion out of the schools as to not offend anyone of believing in another religion or does not believe in religion at all. Personally I believe that parents should have the responsibility of teaching children right from wrong. The reason why society is so bad isn†t the fault of the school system, but the lack of good upbringing by parents. How to cite The Importance of Education, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Organization and Management free essay sample

SNOP is the Systematized Nomenclature of Pathology. Published by the American College of Pathologists, it has been â€Å"useful in classifying pathological specimens† (McWay, 2008). Although SNOP was commonly used in pathology departments, it has gradually lost favor because focus was placed on standardized nomenclatures by accrediting agencies (McWay, 2008). 2. What are the four approaches taken by HIM professionals to address the complexities brought on by the introduction of PPS and DRGs? The four approaches taken by HIM professionals to address the complexities brought on by the introduction of PPS and DRGs are the use of encoders, the use of new resources in coding guidelines, the focus on ethical aspects of coding and develop a compliance program (McWay, 2008). 3. What are some differences between DRGs and MDCs? DRGs are known as Diagnosis-Related Groups and MDCs are known as Major Diagnostic Category (McWay, 2008). DRGs is a model that classifies groups of patients with medically related diagnosis, treatment, length of stay, age, and sex (McWay, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Organization and Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page DRGs â€Å"classify hospital stays in terms of what was wrong with the patient and what is done for the patient† (McWay, 2008). MRGs â€Å"cluster patients according to medical and surgical categories† (McWay, 2008). 4. Why are consequences of healthcare professionals not using common terminology, vocabularies, and classification systems? Vocabularies, classification systems, and clinical terminologies were â€Å"created to describe the medical care process in a standard manner† (McWay, 2008). Healthcare professionals need to clearly understand and apply these vocabularies, classification systems, and clinical terminologies in order to facilitate patient care as well as comply with requirements of the accrediting agencies (McWay, 2008). References McWay D C 2008 Todays Health Information Management: An Integrated ApproachMcWay, D. C. (2008). Todays Health Information Management: An Integrated Approach. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning. !. SNOP gradually lost favor when focus was placed by accrediting agencies of standardized nomenclatures that could cross fields of specialization. 2. The four approaches taken by HIM professionals to address the complexities brought on by the introduction of PPS and DRGs are: Encoders- software tools that incorporate the text and logic of coding systems into an automated form. Another approach is the use of new resources in the form of coding guidelines. Examples are ICD-9CM coding handbook, the coding clinic for ICM-9-CM, and the coding clinic for HCPCS. A third approach is to focus on the ethical aspect of coding., and an approach related to coding guidelines and ethics, is to develop a coding compliance program. 3.The differences between DRGs and MCDs are DRG is a classification system that groups patients who are medically related by diagnosis, treatment, and length of stay, using the International Classification of Diseases, ninth edition, clinical modification codes. MDC is the first level of a decision tree to reach a diagnosis-related group, generally based on an organ or system. Todays Health Information Management An Integrated Approach, McWay, D.C., JD, RHIA. pgs. 126-33 4. The consequences of health care professionals for not using common terminology, vocabularies, and classification systems are Clinical vocabularies, terminologies or coding systems, are a structured list of terms which together with their definitions are design to describe unambiguously the care and treatment of patients. T cover diseases, diagnoses, findings, operations, treatments, drugs, administrative items, etc., and can be used to support recording and reporting a patients care at varying levels of detail, whether on paper or, increasingly, via electronic medical record (EMC). A large number of coding and classification systems have been developed for healthcare. Many standards have been proposed butwidespread spread adoption has been slow. Current standards tend to compete. Many classifications overlap. Historically, vocabulary and classification systems have been designed to meet different and specific goals. Many codes have been designed mainly to support administration (e.g. billing) so have typically included only a limited number of diagnosis code for each encounter. Widely-used, but essentially administration-oriented system, such as ICD, have been mandated by government agencies and /or payor organizations but capture clinical data at an insufficient level of detail to support clinical needs that lie outside the limited range of activities they were designed to support. Coding systems can lose clinical information. It can be difficult to compare clinical coding systems. Interoperability is a significant problem. Content, structure, completeness, detail, cross-mapping, taxonomy, definitions, clarity vary between existing vocabularies. -Why did SNOP fall out of favor with the healthcare field?  SNOP, the Systematized Nomenclature of Pathology was published by the American College of Pathologists and was useful in classifying pathological specimens. SNOP lost favor with the healthcare field when focus was placed by accrediting agencies on standardized nomenclatures that could cross-fields of specialization (McWay, 2008). 2.-What are the four approaches taken by HIM professionals to address the complexities brought on by the introduction of PPS and DRGs? The four approaches are: Use of encoders, Coding guidelines, Ethical aspect of coding up coding and coding compliance program (McWay, 2008). 3.-What are some differences between DRGs and MDCs? Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) A patient classification system, defined by the federal Department of Health and Human Services. It provides a means of relating the type of patients a hospital treats to the costs incurred by the hospital. According to this classification system, patients who have similar diagnoses and undergo similar procedures are placed together in the same diagnosis-related group.. DRGs are used by the Medicare program to reimburse hospitals at fixed amounts for all similar patients, regardless of thelength of stay or actual cost incurred. The DRG system is also widely used in many types of health data analysis. Major Diagnostic Category (MDC) A grouping based on the organ or system involved. The MDCs cluster patients according to medical and surgical categories, that are subdivided by principal diagnosis (McWay, 2008). 4.-Why are consequences of healthcare professionals not using common terminology, vocabularies, and classification systems? According to AHIMA, the healthcare industry is looking to IT to reduce costs, assess quality of care, and deliver services more efficiently. The core components of these IT tools are classification and terminology systems, the common medical languages used to encode clinical data such as a patient’s physical signs, symptoms, medication sensitivities, treatment plans, and diagnoses. Terminologies and classifications promise to provide the common medical language necessary for electronic health records and population health reporting, quality reporting, personal health records, safety, clinical trials, biosurveillance, and reimbursement. According to McWay (2008), vocabulary, clinical terminology, and classification systems were created to describe the medical care process in a standard manner.